The Colonial Names of African States

After decolonization, state boundaries in Africa remained remarkably stable, but the colonial names of African states often changed. Explore a list of current African countries according to their former colonial names, with explanations of border changes and amalgamations of territories. Why Were Boundaries Stable Following Decolonization? In 1963, during the era of independence, the Organization of African Union agreed to a policy of inviolable borders, which dictated that colonial-era boundaries were to be upheld, with one caveat. Due to the French policy of governing their colonies as large federated territories, several countries were created out of each of Frances former colonies, using the old territorial boundaries for the new country boundaries. There were Pan-Africanist efforts to create federated states, like the Federation of Mali, but these all failed.​ The Colonial Names of Present-Day African States Africa, 1914 Africa, 2015 Independent States Abyssinia Ethiopia Liberia Liberia British Colonies Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan, The Republic of the South Sudan Basutoland Lesotho Bechuanaland Botswana British East Africa Kenya, Uganda British Somaliland Somalia* The Gambia The Gambia Gold Coast Ghana Nigeria Nigeria Northern Rhodesia Zambia Nyasaland Malawi Sierra Leone Sierra Leone South Africa South Africa Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Swaziland Swaziland French Colonies Algeria Algeria French Equatorial Africa Chad, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic French West Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Burkina Faso French Somaliland Djibouti Madagascar Madagascar Morocco Morocco (see note) Tunisia Tunisia German Colonies Kamerun Cameroon German East Africa Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi South West Africa Namibia Togoland Togo Belgian Colonies Belgian Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Portuguese Colonies Angola Angola Portuguese East Africa Mozambique Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau Italian Colonies Eritrea Eritrea Libya Libya Somalia Somalia (see note) Spanish Colonies Rio de Oro Western Sahara (disputed territory claimed by Morocco) Spanish Morocco Morocco (see note) Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea German Colonies After World War I, all of Germanys African colonies were taken away and made mandate territories by the League of Nations. This meant they were supposed to be prepared for independence by Allied powers, namely Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa. German East Africa was divided between Britain and Belgium, with Belgium taking control over Rwanda and Burundi and Britain taking control of what was then called Tanganyika. After independence, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar and become Tanzania. German Kamerun was also larger than Cameroon is today, extending into what is today Nigeria, Chad, and the Central African Republic. Following World War I, most of German Kamerun went to France, but Britain also controlled the portion adjacent to Nigeria. At independence, the northern British Cameroons elected to join Nigeria, and the southern British Cameroons joined Cameroon. German South West Africa was controlled by South Africa until 1990. Somalia The country of Somalia is comprised of what were formerly Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. Morocco Moroccos borders are still disputed. The country is made up primarily of two separate colonies, French Morocco and Spanish Morocco. Spanish Morocco lay on the northern coast, near the Strait of Gibraltar, but Spain also had two separate territories (Rio de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra) just south of French Morocco. Spain merged these two colonies into Spanish Sahara in the 1920s, and in 1957 ceded much of what had been Saguia el-Hamra to Morocco. Morocco continued to claim the southern portion as well and in 1975 seized control of the territory. The United Nations recognizes the southern portion, often called Western Sahara, as a non-self-governing territory. The African Union recognizes it as the sovereign state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), but the SADR only controls a portion of the territory known as Western Sahara.

Terrorism Essay - 1933 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After watching both Battle of Algiers and Bloody Sunday I have come to have a better understanding of the motivations behind these two very important revolutions. It is important to understand why the FLN and IRA decided to engage in â€Å"terrorist† activities, because analysis of the motivations behind their actions will allow us to see how â€Å"terrorists† are labeled and who is labeling them. The ways in which these groups are labeled and characterized has a large impact on the actions taken and the ramifications of these actions. In the cases of the FLN and IRA, both groups had been labeled â€Å"terrorists† and both took two very different courses of action. These actions are directly related to how they are labeled†¦show more content†¦Why not rise up and fight for civil rights and equality in our own country. Men, women, and children all played integral roles in the revolution. These people still led normal and productiv e lives, but felt they had no opportunity for advancement or betterment of themselves or their families. So, they resorted to violence and the only means they knew how, to get attention. All these people wanted, was to be heard, and they felt this could only be accomplished through violence. The Algerian people and the FLN came off as desperate people who badly want control over their country and their futures and their children’s futures. The French citizens seemed not to care that these people were being treated cruelly, and the government seemed to be on a mission to eradicate all FLN members no matter what the cost. The French government’s main concern was losing control, even if relinquishing control was for a good cause and was the right thing to do. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Also, in Bloody Sunday, the Irish members of the IRA were also desperate and willing to take extreme measures to accomplish their goals. However, the IRA vowed to not use violent tactics, as they knew it would discredit their cause. In Bloody Sunday the IRA seemed organized and comprised of intelligent people who just wanted a radical change in the way they were allowed to interact in society and the opportunities available to them. Men, women, and children of all ages were IRA members who marched downShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continu ation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilli ng fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definition of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On Terrorism And Terrorism944 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Terrorism â€Å"The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism,† (History of Terrorism). The history of terrorism is a long bloody road. One of the bloodiest of acts of terrorism in the early years, was the reign of terror. In which, the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 people. Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere

Planned Parenthood Federation of America Free Essays

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) delivers vital health care services, sex education, and sexual health information to millions of women, men, and young people. As stated in their website, they â€Å"deliver comprehensive and medically accurate information that empowers women, men, teens, and families to make informed choices and lead healthy lives. Planned Parenthood is proud of its vital role in providing young people with honest sexuality and relationship information in classrooms and online†. We will write a custom essay sample on Planned Parenthood Federation of America or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we are to evaluate their services and advocacy based on the criteria of evaluating the merit of benefit types, we can say that their services cater to the idea of consumer sovereignty. This benefit type is basically focused on providing choices to the consumer or target market of Planned Parenthood’s services. The organization basically advocates a Pro-Choice approach when it comes to birth control methods which runs counter to many principles advocated by religious groups. Planned Parenthood’s approach basically counters the idea of coercion and intrusion into the privacy lives of individuals, basically in making choices about birth control methods, sex education, and women’s health. However, this kind of liberalistic thinking is unacceptable in some cultures. Thus, although the organization promotes the improvement of the sexual health and well-being of individuals and families globally, their actions run counter to conservative cultures and organizations (especially the churches). Although it has local partners in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean their advocacy for promoting women’s choice when it comes to birth control makes them a bitter opponent against the establishment. Their vocal and outspoken global partners are considered to be intruding already into the privacy of families and society in general. That somehow dilutes the benefits that are provided by the organization to the public, by shifting the focus of the public from the benefits of their advocacy to the harmful effects of their group’s activist actions. How to cite Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Papers

Essay on The Ethics in Biomedical Research Example For Students

Essay on The Ethics in Biomedical Research Rebecca Skloot is a writer specialized in science and medicine. In her first book, Skloot writes about Henrietta Lacks’ life story. Henrietta Lacks was a strong African-American woman, who died because of cancer without knowing that her cancer cells were immortal and very useful for medical research. Her family lived a poverty life without health care, when her cell was commercialized all around the world. That condition was related to biomedical research’s ethics and how consent form should be used properly. â€Å"Henrietta Lacks was born in Roanoke, Virginia, on August 1, 1920† (Skloot 40). Her mother died when she delivered her tenth child. Because of losing her mother, Henrietta ended up stayed with her grandfather. However, Henrietta Grandfather raised another grandchild already. His name was David Lack and people called him Day. Henrietta and Day shared a bedroom since she was four years old. That is why, Henrietta first son was born when she just turn fourteen years old. And her second son was born four years later. On April 10, 1941, Henrietta and Day married; they were twenty and twenty five respectively. Henrietta and Day work very hard to feed the family. The work is tough as the black man do the job that white man will not do. Day and Henrietta planted tobacco seedling. Henrietta literally put the tobacco seed in a hole of red dirt. â€Å"Henrietta was pushing a homemade wheelbarrow and dropping tobacco seedlings into holes in the freshly turned red dirt† (Skloot 47). One day, a week after delivering her third baby, Henrietta found something strange in her vagina. There was a lump that hurting her. First, Henrietta ignored it; however, she continuously had an abnormal bleeding when it was not her menstrual period. Finally, the local doctor suggested her to go to Johns Hopkins Hospital. This hospital was a good hospital for poor people built in 1889. This hospital also treated black people even though most of hospital was white-only. After her first visit to the hospital, Doctor Howard Jones called her back for cancer treatment. Before the treatment and operation, Henrietta signed a consent form of operation permit that said, â€Å"I hereby give consent to the staff of The Johns Hopkins Hospital to perform any operative procedures and under any anaesthetic either local or general that they may deem necessary in the proper surgical care and treatment of ___† (Skloot 54). In the consent, Henrietta only agreed that the medical team of Hopkins would cure her through an operation process. Anything related to her proper surgical care and treatment was approved. However, there was something that the staff of Hopkins did without Henrietta’s agreement. Dr. Lawrence Wharton Jr., was Hopkins’ surgeon on duty, before he placed radium inside Henrietta’s cervix, he removed a dime size portion of Henrietta’s tissues. There were two samples of her tissues, one from Henrietta’s healthy cervix and the other was from her tumor. Surprisingly, no one told Henrietta that they would collect a sample of her cervical tissue. There was no agreement about donating any tissue of her body even only a little. Even though at the end of the operation process, Wharton wrote that Henrietta’s cervical tissue was given to Dr. George Gey in the lab; Henrietta did not know any information about it. Henrietta never questioned her doctors; as a bl ack woman she was just glad that she got the treatments for her illness. Next, the assistance of Dr. Gey in the laboratory found out that Henrietta’s tumor tissue, called HeLa for Henrietta Lacks, was not dead and continuously grew and doubled their numbers in twenty four hours. Dr. Gey said that he would use Henrietta’s cell to find a way to stop cancer. And then, Dr. Gey told his close friends about the first immortal cell and shared Henrietta’s cells. â€Å"He sent shipment of HeLa cells to researcher in Texas, India, New York, Amsterdam, and many places between† (Skloot 84). .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .postImageUrl , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:visited , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:active { border:0!important; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:active , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biomedical research on animals EssayOn the other hand, Henrietta did know about her cells in the laboratory. After the treatment she just left the hospital and continued her life like usual. She still worked on tobacco. She had no sign of weakness even though she had radium in her body. However, when she came back to hospital for a check-up, the medical team found out that her body was already taken over by tumor. Her diaphragm, bladder, and lungs was a home for the cancer cells. The worst thing was her kidney could not filter toxins in her body; it made her poisoned her own body. She died on October 4, 1951. HeLa has been used in medical research after Henrietta’s death. However, Henrietta’s family did not know that her cell was taken and used that way. â€Å"Her cells were part of research into the genes that cause cancer and those that suppress it; they helped develop drugs for treating herpes, leukemia, influenza, hemophilia, and Parkinson’s disease† (Skloot 22). HeLa was commercialized but Henrietta’s family lived in poverty without any health care. Henrietta’s family has not received any money, while people gained profit from selling HeLa. Henrietta’s children received only a little education and some of them had health issue. â€Å"Henrietta’s kids grew up in a black neighborhood that was one of the poorest and most dangerous in the country† (Skloot 26). Actually, any tissue that has been taken from body is no longer yours anymore. It will be really hard to trace the identity of each tissue and then distribute the benefits gained from it. However, it is important to let the patient and the families know if there is any removal of tissues when the medical staff conducting an operation. Actually, it is not only about the commissions for the family who give up any tissues or organs, but it is about the ethic of treatment or even the ethic of biomedical research. In fact, Henrietta’s family members were in need and may otherwise receive less help. It would be really helpful if people who received any advantages from HeLa were able to share the benefit to Henrietta’s family. Since Henrietta already died, her family members should have a right to prove or disapprove anything related to her. The research community should be responsible and granted Henrietta family’s wishes. There should be a right for Henrietta’s family to have some control over the use of HeLa. They have a right to get the equal distribution of benefits from HeLa. Further, they should have a better understanding about what is happening with HeLa. In fact, they do not know that â€Å"†¦ HeLa helped with some of the most important advances in medicine: the polio vaccine, chemotherapy, cloning, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization† (Skloot 19). Franklin Salisbury Jr., president of the National Foundation for Cancer Research said, â€Å"I un derstand that the family feels very abused† (Skloot 329). Further, if Henrietta’s family has the right to control the use of HeLa, they will certainly allow the scientist to have research over HeLa. However, any benefit that can be gained from the use of it should be distributed equally to them. The benefit distributed is not only material but also any appreciation or honor. So that, Henrietta poor family might have a better life quality. Henrietta’s kids should have better education. Henrietta should not only become biomedical research’s hero, but also her family’s hero as well. To summarize, the ethics of biomedical research need to be improved. Any consent form is signed by patient to control any procedure conducted during any treatment or operation. If there is any violation, patient or the patient’s family has a right to prosecute the medical team. Finally, Henrietta’s life story can be used as a lesson to improve the biomedical research’s regulation. And also eliminate any inequality on minorities. Everyone is deserved to be valued and respected. .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .postImageUrl , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:visited , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:active { border:0!important; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:active , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Use of Animals in Biomedical ResearchWorks Cited Skloot, Rebecca, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Random House, Inc., 2010, 2011. PDF e-book.

The 2008 Olympics Impact on China free essay sample

Just as the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics propelled Japan and South Korea onto the global stage, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be Chinas coming out party—an event that showcases Chinas maturation into a great economic and, to a lesser extent, political power. As PRC Premier Wen Jiabao noted on April 24 this year, the Beijing Olympics present an opportunity for China to show the world how democratic, open, civilized, friendly, and harmonious it is. Quick Glance †¢After winning its 2001 bid to host the Olympic Games, China launched a massive seven-year effort to prepare for the event. †¢The huge inflows of investment to support the Olympics and recreate Beijing have had an important ripple effect on economic growth. †¢Though China has experienced some significant hardships this spring, the games will probably be even more important to the country than initially expected. The 2008 Olympics will be among the most expansive ever held, with 16 days of competition from August 8 to 24 in 28 sports inside 37 arenas for 302 gold medals. We will write a custom essay sample on The 2008 Olympics Impact on China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to Beijing, six other cities will host Olympic events—Hong Kong; Qingdao, Shandong; Qinhuangdao, Hebei; Shanghai; Shenyang, Liaoning; and Tianjin—making the Olympics a national event. China has embraced the basic ideals of the Olympics with its own slogan, One World, One Dream, and has widely promoted a green and high-tech Olympics. To prepare for the games, China invested nearly $40 billion in infrastructure alone from 2002 to 2006, transformed the cityscape of Beijing, made national stars out of PRC Olympic champions—such as high hurdler Liu Xiang and platform diver Guo Jingjing—and created a great sense of excitement and anticipation among the public. Furthermore, the Olympics have had a significant influence on Beijings economic development, environment, and the growth of the countrys advertising, television, Internet, mobile phone, clean energy, and sports sectors. Building on 30 years of economic reform nd opening and on the substantial economic impact of Chinas 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) entry, the excitement surrounding the games is pulling many of these sectors onto the international cutting edge. Building a new Beijing After winning the bid to host the 2008 Olympics, China began a massive seven-year effort to meet IOCs demanding conditions for the games. Having researched earlier Olympic games, in particular the Sydney and Atlanta games, the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) began the enormous task of creating an infrastructure that could support such a massive sporting event. To integrate the activities of key central government ministries, the Beijing Municipal Government, and BOCOG, the PRC government created a high-level working group directed by then-Executive Vice Premier Li Lanqing and, since March 2008, by Xi Jinping, PRC vice president and number six in the Politburo Standing Committee. As Michael Payne, who served as IOCs top marketer for more than 20 years, wrote in Olympic Turnaround, China recognized that a critical factor in creating a successful Olympics would be careful coordination among IOC, BOCOG, and the host city. China studied the example of the Atlanta games, where coordination between the operating committee and the city government was poor, according to Payne. To ensure better coordination, BOCOG was staffed primarily with Beijing Municipal Government officials and General Administration of Sports experts, and was led by Beijing Party Secretary Liu Qi and then-Mayor (now Vice Premier) Wang Qishan. The Beijing Olympics Action Plan, announced by BOCOG President Liu Qi in March 2002, mandated not only sweeping plans to build stadiums and facilities for the Olympics, but a makeover of Beijing itself. In implementing the plan, Beijing made every effort to abide by international tendering standards and to avoid favoritism. It also imposed the template of IOCs global Olympic programs onto the Beijing Olympic program. Some of the projects in which China has invested to prepare for the games include the following: Sports facilities China planned (in some cases, with foreign architects) and built the Olympic Park and the 37 stadiums and venues that will host Olympic events. These include 32 buildings in Beijing—19 new and 13 refurbished—and venues in five other Chinese cities—a sailing center in Qingdao and soccer stadiums in Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Shenyang, and Shanghai. China also constructed 59 training centers and infrastructure projects for the Paralympic Games, to be held in Beijing in September 2008 following the Olympics. Beijings stadiums, in particular the National Stadium (or Birds Nest), are state of the art and well designed, and they will be available for use long after the games are over. Transportation and infrastructure According to Liu Zhi, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, from 2002 through the beginning of the games, Beijing will spend $1. 1 billion on transportation improvements, such as building and extending Beijings subway system, completing the citys light rail system, and constructing and refurbishing more than 318 km of city streets—including 23 roads in and around the Olympics sites, two new ring roads around the city, and high-tech traffic control systems. The city has also built an enormous new airport terminal at the Beijing Capital International Airport and extended the toll road to the airport. Urban renewal According to Beijings 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-10), Beijing will spend more than $200 million to demolish dilapidated housing and urban buildings; refurbish 25 historic areas, including many of the citys landmarks, old streets, and beautiful, four-corner residences that date from the imperial period; and restore Beijings many historic places, including the Forbidden City. High technology Chinas capital has budgeted $3. 6 billion to transform Beijing into a digital city by 2008, with widespread use of digital and broadband telecommunications, wireless transmission and networking technologies, and intelligent technologies, including smart cards. An Olympic lift Beijings hosting of the Olympic games has already had a knock-on effect, spurring faster growth or change in several areas. Tourism The number of tourists in Beijing has risen rapidly, a result of the increased visibility that the Olympics bring to the host country. Though stimates of the number of people who will visit China during the Olympics—or even the number of people who will visit China this year—vary significantly, it is clear that the games are a magnet for tourists. Chen Jian, president of the Beijing Olympic Economic Research Association, estimated in the spring that Beijing will receive roughly 600,000 foreign visitors and 2. 5 million domestic Chinese tourists during the Olympic games and that the number of foreign tourists in Beijing will grow 8 to 9 percent annually in the decade following the games because of the games themselves. According to the China National Tourism Administration, Beijing had 3. 8 million foreign visitor arrivals in 2007, up 11. 8 percent over 2006, and China had 42. 4 million foreign visitor arrivals last year, up 20. 8 percent over 2006. ) The number of hotels in Beijing has also jumped in recent years. Since China entered the WTO and won its Olympic bid, the country has reduced hotel ownership restrictions. Starting in 2002, foreign investors could own a majority stake in hotels, and in 2006, wholly foreign-owned hotels were permitted. These moves cleared the way for an extensive expansion of foreign-owned hotels and other tourism facilities. Environmental improvements Every Beijing resident is keenly aware of the citys environmental challenges. Air quality, particularly in the summer, can be less than optimal, with particulate matter at alarmingly high levels. Though Beijing has taken steps to improve air quality, such as ordering coal-burning power plants to reduce emissions, construction projects to halt during the period around the Olympic games, and 200 heavily polluting factories to move out of the city, air quality will remain a worry for the athletes who participate in the games. Under the Beijing Sustainable Development Plan, China launched 20 projects to improve the quality of Beijings environment, with an overall investment of $12. 2 billion. The city has established new wastewater treatment plants, solid-waste processing facilities, and green belts and built a fleet of clean buses for the games. Beijing has phased out ozone-depleting substances ahead of schedule, made use of water- or air-source heat pump systems to save energy in Olympic stadiums, replaced 47,000 old taxis and 7,000 diesel buses, and began requiring vehicles to meet EU emissions standards.

My Deepest Fear Essay Essays

My Deepest Fear Essay Essays My Deepest Fear Essay Essay My Deepest Fear Essay Essay Essay Topic: Deep One of the biggest lies of all time told is that slumber is the best speculation. For as I lie down to rest each dark. I toss and turn for hours on terminal. troubled by the happenings of each twenty-four hours. overwhelmed by the errors I’ve undeniably made. and haunted by the errors I will doubtless do tomorrow. The restlessness caused by my insecurities neer ceases to get the better of me. And in an effort to get away the experiential panics of being. I write. Until my diary is filled to the end†¦until my eyes easy descend. I write†¦ I have been reading since I was two old ages old. Because it is by and large non in the nature of yearlings to grok modest literary plants. I did non read books. Alternatively. I read my milieus. analysing both periods of pleasance and pieces of disparity. subconsciously retaining non the former but the latter. And as books come to life in the head. mirroring gesture images. I remember my childhood as such. Watching my female parent. so immature. being beaten by legion â€Å"boyfriends† proved damaging to my guiltless mind. Not merely were these work forces crushing her. they were crushing this thought of normality into my caput that I’d sum to nil greater. I’d achieve nil more than what my female parent had. holding had two kids at 18 with no high school sheepskin to decrease unforgiving fortunes. And I sit in school feeling as if my dreams. at the really root of them. hold dried up like raisins in the sun†¦I sit in my categories penetrating my fate so intently that I am simply feigning to understand what is being taught. Therefore. despite the words of the august Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. my deepest fright is. in fact. that I am unequal. I fear that I am non good plenty and the undertaking of confuting this apprehension has been backbreaking. cognizing that every twenty-four hours. something has tried to destruct me and has merely fallen short. And I am diffident if this item is worthy of jubilation. And I wonder†¦has my tegument colour betrayed me? Has my inkiness. this skin color which I was taught to happen so beautiful. stricken me with the imprecation of holding to turn up in a poorness consumed vicinity. dependent upon the authorities to house and feed me ; the same vicinity that gunned my male parent down and took the lives of several of my equals. It can’t be†¦that my skin color has become so obvious that I am invariably holding to alter my frock. and adjust my tone to suit the demands of a disapproving bulk. Some position my sable race with contemptuous oculus. My colour is a devilish dye†¦to those who don’t see. that I am human first before I am black. Or is my sex the perpetrator? Has my being a adult female determined my destiny? Because as a member of an intersectional community it is known all excessively good that I am stricken by these procedures of sexism. and subjugation ; non working independently of one another. but interconnected. organizing a kind of junction. or intersection. of mul tiple signifiers of favoritism. But this can’t be†¦because harmonizing to female parent Maya Angelou. I am a adult female phenomenally†¦ And I know all excessively good that the caged bird sings for freedom. I have been so long stricken by the rough worlds of my upbringing†¦and I have been so long weltering in self-pity that I have forgotten my heritage and it shames me. Kings and Queens of Africa inhabit me. Affonso and Amina. Idris and Makeda. who are my ascendants. would certainly be affronted to cognize that I have non realized what it has been in my nature to make: get the better of. defy. and amaze. And it is here that my African roots assert themselves. coercing me to mount the foothills of my uncertainty. the mountains of my false lower status. and extremums least traveled by. And as I stand at the precipice of life’s enigmas. this Pennsylvania State University precipice. I am all of a sudden intertwined with a household consummated non merely of the people of my fatherland. Africa. but of the woods of Asia. the Waterss of the Caribbean. the jungles of South America. and the mountains of Europe†¦these people of changing colourss. sexes. and civilizations who have defied quandaries much different than my ain. And we stand. hushed. equal. en masse. And it is here that I hear Mr. Mandela speak to me. â€Å"As we are liberated from our ain fright. our presence automatically liberates others. † †¦whether it be those of our ain lineages†¦or those of line of descents wholly dissimilar.

Critically evaluate the value and risks of informal social networks Essay

Critically evaluate the value and risks of informal social networks (communities of practice, cross-community, boundary-spanning - Essay Example Work-based communities of practice include associations based on a profession, and can also include worker guilds that are based on expertise on specific crafts, and even teams of software people working on the same sets of technologies and platforms. The value of such communities of practice cum informal social networks have come into the fore and have gained considerable recognition among all kinds of organizations (Lesser and Stork, 2001, pp. 831-833; Wenger, 2000). Disciplines focused on learning processes and the generation of new knowledge have likewise come to focus its attention on the role of communities of practice and the role that they play in those processes, in a large array of work and social contexts. Creative work, innovation, and high-value work outputs have likewise been linked in studies and discussions on communities of practice (Amin and Roberts, 2008, pp. 353-355). ... le communication technologies and information technologies have facilitated this kind of cross-boundary social networking and collaboration, it is sometimes fraught with problems, as when differing groups jostle for power and politicize the process. These identified problems of groups fighting for control over the process of knowledge creation and innovation point to possible risks associated with the use of such informal social networks. The knowledge innovation processes can fail when different communities of practice fail to cooperate and trust each other, for instance (Hayes and Walsham, pp. 2-5). Meanwhile, because of the very substantial benefits from knowledge creation and innovation that are to be had from communities of practice, many are incentivized to look for ways to harness those benefits from various communities of practice that firms are exposed to. Including from contractor groups and other valuable third parties (Kaiser, n.d.) Meanwhile, the centrality of the concep t of communities of practice to understanding knowledge generation and knowledge innovation processes is underscored by literature that attempts to refine definitions of key concepts tied to communities of practice, while trying to situate communities of practice within several contexts. Among these contexts is the personal context. This is the context or view from the inside looking out. This is the perspective of the individual learner and knowledge generator within the community. Also among these contexts or views is from the outside looking in. These are views that situate communities of practice within broader social and cultural contexts (Handley et al., 2006, pp. 641-645). Taking a step back, the value of communities of practice in innovations based on IT, and in knowledge innovation