The Colonial Names of African States

After decolonization, state boundaries in Africa remained remarkably stable, but the colonial names of African states often changed. Explore a list of current African countries according to their former colonial names, with explanations of border changes and amalgamations of territories. Why Were Boundaries Stable Following Decolonization? In 1963, during the era of independence, the Organization of African Union agreed to a policy of inviolable borders, which dictated that colonial-era boundaries were to be upheld, with one caveat. Due to the French policy of governing their colonies as large federated territories, several countries were created out of each of Frances former colonies, using the old territorial boundaries for the new country boundaries. There were Pan-Africanist efforts to create federated states, like the Federation of Mali, but these all failed.​ The Colonial Names of Present-Day African States Africa, 1914 Africa, 2015 Independent States Abyssinia Ethiopia Liberia Liberia British Colonies Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan, The Republic of the South Sudan Basutoland Lesotho Bechuanaland Botswana British East Africa Kenya, Uganda British Somaliland Somalia* The Gambia The Gambia Gold Coast Ghana Nigeria Nigeria Northern Rhodesia Zambia Nyasaland Malawi Sierra Leone Sierra Leone South Africa South Africa Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Swaziland Swaziland French Colonies Algeria Algeria French Equatorial Africa Chad, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic French West Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Burkina Faso French Somaliland Djibouti Madagascar Madagascar Morocco Morocco (see note) Tunisia Tunisia German Colonies Kamerun Cameroon German East Africa Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi South West Africa Namibia Togoland Togo Belgian Colonies Belgian Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Portuguese Colonies Angola Angola Portuguese East Africa Mozambique Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau Italian Colonies Eritrea Eritrea Libya Libya Somalia Somalia (see note) Spanish Colonies Rio de Oro Western Sahara (disputed territory claimed by Morocco) Spanish Morocco Morocco (see note) Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea German Colonies After World War I, all of Germanys African colonies were taken away and made mandate territories by the League of Nations. This meant they were supposed to be prepared for independence by Allied powers, namely Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa. German East Africa was divided between Britain and Belgium, with Belgium taking control over Rwanda and Burundi and Britain taking control of what was then called Tanganyika. After independence, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar and become Tanzania. German Kamerun was also larger than Cameroon is today, extending into what is today Nigeria, Chad, and the Central African Republic. Following World War I, most of German Kamerun went to France, but Britain also controlled the portion adjacent to Nigeria. At independence, the northern British Cameroons elected to join Nigeria, and the southern British Cameroons joined Cameroon. German South West Africa was controlled by South Africa until 1990. Somalia The country of Somalia is comprised of what were formerly Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. Morocco Moroccos borders are still disputed. The country is made up primarily of two separate colonies, French Morocco and Spanish Morocco. Spanish Morocco lay on the northern coast, near the Strait of Gibraltar, but Spain also had two separate territories (Rio de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra) just south of French Morocco. Spain merged these two colonies into Spanish Sahara in the 1920s, and in 1957 ceded much of what had been Saguia el-Hamra to Morocco. Morocco continued to claim the southern portion as well and in 1975 seized control of the territory. The United Nations recognizes the southern portion, often called Western Sahara, as a non-self-governing territory. The African Union recognizes it as the sovereign state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), but the SADR only controls a portion of the territory known as Western Sahara.

Terrorism Essay - 1933 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After watching both Battle of Algiers and Bloody Sunday I have come to have a better understanding of the motivations behind these two very important revolutions. It is important to understand why the FLN and IRA decided to engage in â€Å"terrorist† activities, because analysis of the motivations behind their actions will allow us to see how â€Å"terrorists† are labeled and who is labeling them. The ways in which these groups are labeled and characterized has a large impact on the actions taken and the ramifications of these actions. In the cases of the FLN and IRA, both groups had been labeled â€Å"terrorists† and both took two very different courses of action. These actions are directly related to how they are labeled†¦show more content†¦Why not rise up and fight for civil rights and equality in our own country. Men, women, and children all played integral roles in the revolution. These people still led normal and productiv e lives, but felt they had no opportunity for advancement or betterment of themselves or their families. So, they resorted to violence and the only means they knew how, to get attention. All these people wanted, was to be heard, and they felt this could only be accomplished through violence. The Algerian people and the FLN came off as desperate people who badly want control over their country and their futures and their children’s futures. The French citizens seemed not to care that these people were being treated cruelly, and the government seemed to be on a mission to eradicate all FLN members no matter what the cost. The French government’s main concern was losing control, even if relinquishing control was for a good cause and was the right thing to do. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Also, in Bloody Sunday, the Irish members of the IRA were also desperate and willing to take extreme measures to accomplish their goals. However, the IRA vowed to not use violent tactics, as they knew it would discredit their cause. In Bloody Sunday the IRA seemed organized and comprised of intelligent people who just wanted a radical change in the way they were allowed to interact in society and the opportunities available to them. Men, women, and children of all ages were IRA members who marched downShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continu ation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilli ng fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definition of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On Terrorism And Terrorism944 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Terrorism â€Å"The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism,† (History of Terrorism). The history of terrorism is a long bloody road. One of the bloodiest of acts of terrorism in the early years, was the reign of terror. In which, the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 people. Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere

Planned Parenthood Federation of America Free Essays

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) delivers vital health care services, sex education, and sexual health information to millions of women, men, and young people. As stated in their website, they â€Å"deliver comprehensive and medically accurate information that empowers women, men, teens, and families to make informed choices and lead healthy lives. Planned Parenthood is proud of its vital role in providing young people with honest sexuality and relationship information in classrooms and online†. We will write a custom essay sample on Planned Parenthood Federation of America or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we are to evaluate their services and advocacy based on the criteria of evaluating the merit of benefit types, we can say that their services cater to the idea of consumer sovereignty. This benefit type is basically focused on providing choices to the consumer or target market of Planned Parenthood’s services. The organization basically advocates a Pro-Choice approach when it comes to birth control methods which runs counter to many principles advocated by religious groups. Planned Parenthood’s approach basically counters the idea of coercion and intrusion into the privacy lives of individuals, basically in making choices about birth control methods, sex education, and women’s health. However, this kind of liberalistic thinking is unacceptable in some cultures. Thus, although the organization promotes the improvement of the sexual health and well-being of individuals and families globally, their actions run counter to conservative cultures and organizations (especially the churches). Although it has local partners in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean their advocacy for promoting women’s choice when it comes to birth control makes them a bitter opponent against the establishment. Their vocal and outspoken global partners are considered to be intruding already into the privacy of families and society in general. That somehow dilutes the benefits that are provided by the organization to the public, by shifting the focus of the public from the benefits of their advocacy to the harmful effects of their group’s activist actions. How to cite Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Papers

Essay on The Ethics in Biomedical Research Example For Students

Essay on The Ethics in Biomedical Research Rebecca Skloot is a writer specialized in science and medicine. In her first book, Skloot writes about Henrietta Lacks’ life story. Henrietta Lacks was a strong African-American woman, who died because of cancer without knowing that her cancer cells were immortal and very useful for medical research. Her family lived a poverty life without health care, when her cell was commercialized all around the world. That condition was related to biomedical research’s ethics and how consent form should be used properly. â€Å"Henrietta Lacks was born in Roanoke, Virginia, on August 1, 1920† (Skloot 40). Her mother died when she delivered her tenth child. Because of losing her mother, Henrietta ended up stayed with her grandfather. However, Henrietta Grandfather raised another grandchild already. His name was David Lack and people called him Day. Henrietta and Day shared a bedroom since she was four years old. That is why, Henrietta first son was born when she just turn fourteen years old. And her second son was born four years later. On April 10, 1941, Henrietta and Day married; they were twenty and twenty five respectively. Henrietta and Day work very hard to feed the family. The work is tough as the black man do the job that white man will not do. Day and Henrietta planted tobacco seedling. Henrietta literally put the tobacco seed in a hole of red dirt. â€Å"Henrietta was pushing a homemade wheelbarrow and dropping tobacco seedlings into holes in the freshly turned red dirt† (Skloot 47). One day, a week after delivering her third baby, Henrietta found something strange in her vagina. There was a lump that hurting her. First, Henrietta ignored it; however, she continuously had an abnormal bleeding when it was not her menstrual period. Finally, the local doctor suggested her to go to Johns Hopkins Hospital. This hospital was a good hospital for poor people built in 1889. This hospital also treated black people even though most of hospital was white-only. After her first visit to the hospital, Doctor Howard Jones called her back for cancer treatment. Before the treatment and operation, Henrietta signed a consent form of operation permit that said, â€Å"I hereby give consent to the staff of The Johns Hopkins Hospital to perform any operative procedures and under any anaesthetic either local or general that they may deem necessary in the proper surgical care and treatment of ___† (Skloot 54). In the consent, Henrietta only agreed that the medical team of Hopkins would cure her through an operation process. Anything related to her proper surgical care and treatment was approved. However, there was something that the staff of Hopkins did without Henrietta’s agreement. Dr. Lawrence Wharton Jr., was Hopkins’ surgeon on duty, before he placed radium inside Henrietta’s cervix, he removed a dime size portion of Henrietta’s tissues. There were two samples of her tissues, one from Henrietta’s healthy cervix and the other was from her tumor. Surprisingly, no one told Henrietta that they would collect a sample of her cervical tissue. There was no agreement about donating any tissue of her body even only a little. Even though at the end of the operation process, Wharton wrote that Henrietta’s cervical tissue was given to Dr. George Gey in the lab; Henrietta did not know any information about it. Henrietta never questioned her doctors; as a bl ack woman she was just glad that she got the treatments for her illness. Next, the assistance of Dr. Gey in the laboratory found out that Henrietta’s tumor tissue, called HeLa for Henrietta Lacks, was not dead and continuously grew and doubled their numbers in twenty four hours. Dr. Gey said that he would use Henrietta’s cell to find a way to stop cancer. And then, Dr. Gey told his close friends about the first immortal cell and shared Henrietta’s cells. â€Å"He sent shipment of HeLa cells to researcher in Texas, India, New York, Amsterdam, and many places between† (Skloot 84). .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .postImageUrl , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:visited , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:active { border:0!important; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:active , .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0 .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd09f89a66e253624f0865e1ec4f8fa0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biomedical research on animals EssayOn the other hand, Henrietta did know about her cells in the laboratory. After the treatment she just left the hospital and continued her life like usual. She still worked on tobacco. She had no sign of weakness even though she had radium in her body. However, when she came back to hospital for a check-up, the medical team found out that her body was already taken over by tumor. Her diaphragm, bladder, and lungs was a home for the cancer cells. The worst thing was her kidney could not filter toxins in her body; it made her poisoned her own body. She died on October 4, 1951. HeLa has been used in medical research after Henrietta’s death. However, Henrietta’s family did not know that her cell was taken and used that way. â€Å"Her cells were part of research into the genes that cause cancer and those that suppress it; they helped develop drugs for treating herpes, leukemia, influenza, hemophilia, and Parkinson’s disease† (Skloot 22). HeLa was commercialized but Henrietta’s family lived in poverty without any health care. Henrietta’s family has not received any money, while people gained profit from selling HeLa. Henrietta’s children received only a little education and some of them had health issue. â€Å"Henrietta’s kids grew up in a black neighborhood that was one of the poorest and most dangerous in the country† (Skloot 26). Actually, any tissue that has been taken from body is no longer yours anymore. It will be really hard to trace the identity of each tissue and then distribute the benefits gained from it. However, it is important to let the patient and the families know if there is any removal of tissues when the medical staff conducting an operation. Actually, it is not only about the commissions for the family who give up any tissues or organs, but it is about the ethic of treatment or even the ethic of biomedical research. In fact, Henrietta’s family members were in need and may otherwise receive less help. It would be really helpful if people who received any advantages from HeLa were able to share the benefit to Henrietta’s family. Since Henrietta already died, her family members should have a right to prove or disapprove anything related to her. The research community should be responsible and granted Henrietta family’s wishes. There should be a right for Henrietta’s family to have some control over the use of HeLa. They have a right to get the equal distribution of benefits from HeLa. Further, they should have a better understanding about what is happening with HeLa. In fact, they do not know that â€Å"†¦ HeLa helped with some of the most important advances in medicine: the polio vaccine, chemotherapy, cloning, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization† (Skloot 19). Franklin Salisbury Jr., president of the National Foundation for Cancer Research said, â€Å"I un derstand that the family feels very abused† (Skloot 329). Further, if Henrietta’s family has the right to control the use of HeLa, they will certainly allow the scientist to have research over HeLa. However, any benefit that can be gained from the use of it should be distributed equally to them. The benefit distributed is not only material but also any appreciation or honor. So that, Henrietta poor family might have a better life quality. Henrietta’s kids should have better education. Henrietta should not only become biomedical research’s hero, but also her family’s hero as well. To summarize, the ethics of biomedical research need to be improved. Any consent form is signed by patient to control any procedure conducted during any treatment or operation. If there is any violation, patient or the patient’s family has a right to prosecute the medical team. Finally, Henrietta’s life story can be used as a lesson to improve the biomedical research’s regulation. And also eliminate any inequality on minorities. Everyone is deserved to be valued and respected. .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .postImageUrl , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:visited , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:active { border:0!important; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:active , .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902 .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u254dd0a3dd18b7a017cda395a74d3902:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Use of Animals in Biomedical ResearchWorks Cited Skloot, Rebecca, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Random House, Inc., 2010, 2011. PDF e-book.

The 2008 Olympics Impact on China free essay sample

Just as the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics propelled Japan and South Korea onto the global stage, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be Chinas coming out party—an event that showcases Chinas maturation into a great economic and, to a lesser extent, political power. As PRC Premier Wen Jiabao noted on April 24 this year, the Beijing Olympics present an opportunity for China to show the world how democratic, open, civilized, friendly, and harmonious it is. Quick Glance †¢After winning its 2001 bid to host the Olympic Games, China launched a massive seven-year effort to prepare for the event. †¢The huge inflows of investment to support the Olympics and recreate Beijing have had an important ripple effect on economic growth. †¢Though China has experienced some significant hardships this spring, the games will probably be even more important to the country than initially expected. The 2008 Olympics will be among the most expansive ever held, with 16 days of competition from August 8 to 24 in 28 sports inside 37 arenas for 302 gold medals. We will write a custom essay sample on The 2008 Olympics Impact on China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to Beijing, six other cities will host Olympic events—Hong Kong; Qingdao, Shandong; Qinhuangdao, Hebei; Shanghai; Shenyang, Liaoning; and Tianjin—making the Olympics a national event. China has embraced the basic ideals of the Olympics with its own slogan, One World, One Dream, and has widely promoted a green and high-tech Olympics. To prepare for the games, China invested nearly $40 billion in infrastructure alone from 2002 to 2006, transformed the cityscape of Beijing, made national stars out of PRC Olympic champions—such as high hurdler Liu Xiang and platform diver Guo Jingjing—and created a great sense of excitement and anticipation among the public. Furthermore, the Olympics have had a significant influence on Beijings economic development, environment, and the growth of the countrys advertising, television, Internet, mobile phone, clean energy, and sports sectors. Building on 30 years of economic reform nd opening and on the substantial economic impact of Chinas 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) entry, the excitement surrounding the games is pulling many of these sectors onto the international cutting edge. Building a new Beijing After winning the bid to host the 2008 Olympics, China began a massive seven-year effort to meet IOCs demanding conditions for the games. Having researched earlier Olympic games, in particular the Sydney and Atlanta games, the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) began the enormous task of creating an infrastructure that could support such a massive sporting event. To integrate the activities of key central government ministries, the Beijing Municipal Government, and BOCOG, the PRC government created a high-level working group directed by then-Executive Vice Premier Li Lanqing and, since March 2008, by Xi Jinping, PRC vice president and number six in the Politburo Standing Committee. As Michael Payne, who served as IOCs top marketer for more than 20 years, wrote in Olympic Turnaround, China recognized that a critical factor in creating a successful Olympics would be careful coordination among IOC, BOCOG, and the host city. China studied the example of the Atlanta games, where coordination between the operating committee and the city government was poor, according to Payne. To ensure better coordination, BOCOG was staffed primarily with Beijing Municipal Government officials and General Administration of Sports experts, and was led by Beijing Party Secretary Liu Qi and then-Mayor (now Vice Premier) Wang Qishan. The Beijing Olympics Action Plan, announced by BOCOG President Liu Qi in March 2002, mandated not only sweeping plans to build stadiums and facilities for the Olympics, but a makeover of Beijing itself. In implementing the plan, Beijing made every effort to abide by international tendering standards and to avoid favoritism. It also imposed the template of IOCs global Olympic programs onto the Beijing Olympic program. Some of the projects in which China has invested to prepare for the games include the following: Sports facilities China planned (in some cases, with foreign architects) and built the Olympic Park and the 37 stadiums and venues that will host Olympic events. These include 32 buildings in Beijing—19 new and 13 refurbished—and venues in five other Chinese cities—a sailing center in Qingdao and soccer stadiums in Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Shenyang, and Shanghai. China also constructed 59 training centers and infrastructure projects for the Paralympic Games, to be held in Beijing in September 2008 following the Olympics. Beijings stadiums, in particular the National Stadium (or Birds Nest), are state of the art and well designed, and they will be available for use long after the games are over. Transportation and infrastructure According to Liu Zhi, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, from 2002 through the beginning of the games, Beijing will spend $1. 1 billion on transportation improvements, such as building and extending Beijings subway system, completing the citys light rail system, and constructing and refurbishing more than 318 km of city streets—including 23 roads in and around the Olympics sites, two new ring roads around the city, and high-tech traffic control systems. The city has also built an enormous new airport terminal at the Beijing Capital International Airport and extended the toll road to the airport. Urban renewal According to Beijings 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-10), Beijing will spend more than $200 million to demolish dilapidated housing and urban buildings; refurbish 25 historic areas, including many of the citys landmarks, old streets, and beautiful, four-corner residences that date from the imperial period; and restore Beijings many historic places, including the Forbidden City. High technology Chinas capital has budgeted $3. 6 billion to transform Beijing into a digital city by 2008, with widespread use of digital and broadband telecommunications, wireless transmission and networking technologies, and intelligent technologies, including smart cards. An Olympic lift Beijings hosting of the Olympic games has already had a knock-on effect, spurring faster growth or change in several areas. Tourism The number of tourists in Beijing has risen rapidly, a result of the increased visibility that the Olympics bring to the host country. Though stimates of the number of people who will visit China during the Olympics—or even the number of people who will visit China this year—vary significantly, it is clear that the games are a magnet for tourists. Chen Jian, president of the Beijing Olympic Economic Research Association, estimated in the spring that Beijing will receive roughly 600,000 foreign visitors and 2. 5 million domestic Chinese tourists during the Olympic games and that the number of foreign tourists in Beijing will grow 8 to 9 percent annually in the decade following the games because of the games themselves. According to the China National Tourism Administration, Beijing had 3. 8 million foreign visitor arrivals in 2007, up 11. 8 percent over 2006, and China had 42. 4 million foreign visitor arrivals last year, up 20. 8 percent over 2006. ) The number of hotels in Beijing has also jumped in recent years. Since China entered the WTO and won its Olympic bid, the country has reduced hotel ownership restrictions. Starting in 2002, foreign investors could own a majority stake in hotels, and in 2006, wholly foreign-owned hotels were permitted. These moves cleared the way for an extensive expansion of foreign-owned hotels and other tourism facilities. Environmental improvements Every Beijing resident is keenly aware of the citys environmental challenges. Air quality, particularly in the summer, can be less than optimal, with particulate matter at alarmingly high levels. Though Beijing has taken steps to improve air quality, such as ordering coal-burning power plants to reduce emissions, construction projects to halt during the period around the Olympic games, and 200 heavily polluting factories to move out of the city, air quality will remain a worry for the athletes who participate in the games. Under the Beijing Sustainable Development Plan, China launched 20 projects to improve the quality of Beijings environment, with an overall investment of $12. 2 billion. The city has established new wastewater treatment plants, solid-waste processing facilities, and green belts and built a fleet of clean buses for the games. Beijing has phased out ozone-depleting substances ahead of schedule, made use of water- or air-source heat pump systems to save energy in Olympic stadiums, replaced 47,000 old taxis and 7,000 diesel buses, and began requiring vehicles to meet EU emissions standards.

My Deepest Fear Essay Essays

My Deepest Fear Essay Essays My Deepest Fear Essay Essay My Deepest Fear Essay Essay Essay Topic: Deep One of the biggest lies of all time told is that slumber is the best speculation. For as I lie down to rest each dark. I toss and turn for hours on terminal. troubled by the happenings of each twenty-four hours. overwhelmed by the errors I’ve undeniably made. and haunted by the errors I will doubtless do tomorrow. The restlessness caused by my insecurities neer ceases to get the better of me. And in an effort to get away the experiential panics of being. I write. Until my diary is filled to the end†¦until my eyes easy descend. I write†¦ I have been reading since I was two old ages old. Because it is by and large non in the nature of yearlings to grok modest literary plants. I did non read books. Alternatively. I read my milieus. analysing both periods of pleasance and pieces of disparity. subconsciously retaining non the former but the latter. And as books come to life in the head. mirroring gesture images. I remember my childhood as such. Watching my female parent. so immature. being beaten by legion â€Å"boyfriends† proved damaging to my guiltless mind. Not merely were these work forces crushing her. they were crushing this thought of normality into my caput that I’d sum to nil greater. I’d achieve nil more than what my female parent had. holding had two kids at 18 with no high school sheepskin to decrease unforgiving fortunes. And I sit in school feeling as if my dreams. at the really root of them. hold dried up like raisins in the sun†¦I sit in my categories penetrating my fate so intently that I am simply feigning to understand what is being taught. Therefore. despite the words of the august Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. my deepest fright is. in fact. that I am unequal. I fear that I am non good plenty and the undertaking of confuting this apprehension has been backbreaking. cognizing that every twenty-four hours. something has tried to destruct me and has merely fallen short. And I am diffident if this item is worthy of jubilation. And I wonder†¦has my tegument colour betrayed me? Has my inkiness. this skin color which I was taught to happen so beautiful. stricken me with the imprecation of holding to turn up in a poorness consumed vicinity. dependent upon the authorities to house and feed me ; the same vicinity that gunned my male parent down and took the lives of several of my equals. It can’t be†¦that my skin color has become so obvious that I am invariably holding to alter my frock. and adjust my tone to suit the demands of a disapproving bulk. Some position my sable race with contemptuous oculus. My colour is a devilish dye†¦to those who don’t see. that I am human first before I am black. Or is my sex the perpetrator? Has my being a adult female determined my destiny? Because as a member of an intersectional community it is known all excessively good that I am stricken by these procedures of sexism. and subjugation ; non working independently of one another. but interconnected. organizing a kind of junction. or intersection. of mul tiple signifiers of favoritism. But this can’t be†¦because harmonizing to female parent Maya Angelou. I am a adult female phenomenally†¦ And I know all excessively good that the caged bird sings for freedom. I have been so long stricken by the rough worlds of my upbringing†¦and I have been so long weltering in self-pity that I have forgotten my heritage and it shames me. Kings and Queens of Africa inhabit me. Affonso and Amina. Idris and Makeda. who are my ascendants. would certainly be affronted to cognize that I have non realized what it has been in my nature to make: get the better of. defy. and amaze. And it is here that my African roots assert themselves. coercing me to mount the foothills of my uncertainty. the mountains of my false lower status. and extremums least traveled by. And as I stand at the precipice of life’s enigmas. this Pennsylvania State University precipice. I am all of a sudden intertwined with a household consummated non merely of the people of my fatherland. Africa. but of the woods of Asia. the Waterss of the Caribbean. the jungles of South America. and the mountains of Europe†¦these people of changing colourss. sexes. and civilizations who have defied quandaries much different than my ain. And we stand. hushed. equal. en masse. And it is here that I hear Mr. Mandela speak to me. â€Å"As we are liberated from our ain fright. our presence automatically liberates others. † †¦whether it be those of our ain lineages†¦or those of line of descents wholly dissimilar.

Critically evaluate the value and risks of informal social networks Essay

Critically evaluate the value and risks of informal social networks (communities of practice, cross-community, boundary-spanning - Essay Example Work-based communities of practice include associations based on a profession, and can also include worker guilds that are based on expertise on specific crafts, and even teams of software people working on the same sets of technologies and platforms. The value of such communities of practice cum informal social networks have come into the fore and have gained considerable recognition among all kinds of organizations (Lesser and Stork, 2001, pp. 831-833; Wenger, 2000). Disciplines focused on learning processes and the generation of new knowledge have likewise come to focus its attention on the role of communities of practice and the role that they play in those processes, in a large array of work and social contexts. Creative work, innovation, and high-value work outputs have likewise been linked in studies and discussions on communities of practice (Amin and Roberts, 2008, pp. 353-355). ... le communication technologies and information technologies have facilitated this kind of cross-boundary social networking and collaboration, it is sometimes fraught with problems, as when differing groups jostle for power and politicize the process. These identified problems of groups fighting for control over the process of knowledge creation and innovation point to possible risks associated with the use of such informal social networks. The knowledge innovation processes can fail when different communities of practice fail to cooperate and trust each other, for instance (Hayes and Walsham, pp. 2-5). Meanwhile, because of the very substantial benefits from knowledge creation and innovation that are to be had from communities of practice, many are incentivized to look for ways to harness those benefits from various communities of practice that firms are exposed to. Including from contractor groups and other valuable third parties (Kaiser, n.d.) Meanwhile, the centrality of the concep t of communities of practice to understanding knowledge generation and knowledge innovation processes is underscored by literature that attempts to refine definitions of key concepts tied to communities of practice, while trying to situate communities of practice within several contexts. Among these contexts is the personal context. This is the context or view from the inside looking out. This is the perspective of the individual learner and knowledge generator within the community. Also among these contexts or views is from the outside looking in. These are views that situate communities of practice within broader social and cultural contexts (Handley et al., 2006, pp. 641-645). Taking a step back, the value of communities of practice in innovations based on IT, and in knowledge innovation

The American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The American Civil War - Essay Example According to the Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, page 53, â€Å"Long before the Civil War, the terms â€Å"North† and â€Å"South† had acquired fixed geographic and cultural certainty for Americans. In 1767, two English astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, completed a survey that marked what had been a disputed boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. By the early nineteenth century, the line of demarcation had become more significant; most free states were entirely north of the Mason-Dixon line (parts of Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, and Ohio fell below it) and most slave states were entirely to the south of it. Although this remains to a large extent accurate, there were some deviations from it during the war.†2 The two sections of the United States, the North and the South, were very different geographically, economically, culturally and to a large part, politically. Yet they shared many commonalities. Both spoke the same English la nguage. Both had gone through the Revolutionary War. Both groups were predominately Protestant. Both were fiercely independent. However, there were stark differences as well. Again, to quote from The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, â€Å"the regional differences were striking and had become the subject of frequent comment. The ethnic diversity of New York and Pennsylvania contrasted with the ethnic homogeneity in most of the white south; the religious practices of the Puritan in New England differed greatly from those of the Anglicans in Virginia. Some 1,200 miles separated Maine in the North from Florida in the South, but slavery could make the two sections appear worlds apart. The slave system in the South and the free labor capitalism of the North produced two distinct economic philosophies that shaded Americans’ views of those living on the opposite side of the Mason-Dixon Line†.3 Some say that lack of understanding from either side caused men to will ing take up arms against each other, even against family members. Many argue that cultural and political issues propelled the nation into civil war. Indeed they certainly had their part. Politically the North was predominately Republican while the South was predominately Democrat. But as Page Smith said in his book, Trial by Fire, â€Å"The civil war took place because the Southern states felt that they could no longer tolerate their status as members of the Union.† (pg1)4 Smith goes on to discard any suggestion that economy, sectionalism or politics, had any legitimate influence on launching the bloodiest conflict in our nation’s history. He emphatically claims that the institution of slavery and, more specifically, the determination of the North to limit it and the South to extend it were the exact and specific cause of the war. In determining whether or not the Civil War was repressible this question must be asked. Would there have been a Civil War if slavery had no t existed in the United States? Stephen Oakes, in his The Approaching Fury, speaks of a major issue regarding slaves and slave states which was current

Fair Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fair Trade - Essay Example From humble beginnings in the Netherlands with the Max Havelaar label, the concept of fair trade has now grown into an international movement that buys produce direct from farmers and cooperatives in 48 countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. The promise of fair trade is simple: that the producer will be paid a fair price for his or her product over a guaranteed long-term period, protecting farmers in poor countries from the vagaries of a volatile world market. Fair-trade labelling schemes now operate in 19 countries. Growth has been so rapid that an international coordinating body -- the Fair-trade Labelling Organisation -- has been established to monitor and maintain standards. In the UK, the certification body is called the Fairtrade Foundation, which now gives its stamp of approval to hundreds of products, from snacks such as chocolate brownies to consumer desirables such as t-shirts and footballs. (Barrientos 2006) Growth rates in the fair-trade market would make even the most seasoned capitalist giddy -- sales were up 51 per cent in 2004, and an impressive 140million rang through shop checkouts under the Fairtrade label in the UK. According to the Fairtrade Foundation, three million fair-trade hot drinks are brewed in the UK every day. There is even a fair-trade lifestyle magazine, New Consumer. All this despite the fact that fair-trade products -- almost by definition -- are more expensive than their conventional competitors. This 'premium' is essentially the price Western consumers are prepared to pay to know that their purchasing decisions are ethically sound. Fair trade has become a major high-street brand, communicating certain ethical qualities about the product to the consumer in a same way that brands such as Gap and Nike sell themselves on beauty and celebrity. Not for nothing are fair-trade products often covered with pictures of smiling farmers explaining how their fair deal has become a lifeline for themselves and their families. Rather than simply giving money to charity, fair-trade consumers feel that they are participating in a less paternalistic, more sustainable two-way exchange. (Cooper 2005) In addition, fair trade is now going mainstream. The charity Oxfam is taking on the might of Starbucks with a new chain of coffee shops under the name Progreso, stocked entirely with fair-trade lattes, cappuccinos, teas and cakes. (Davies 2003) Tesco recently launched an own-label range of fair-trade products, including coffee, chocolate and fresh fruit, much to the consternation of some campaigners, who have accused the giant retailer of profiteering by marking up fair-trade produce by more than the premium that goes to producers. Even Starbucks, long a target for anti-globalisation protesters, now does a flourishing line in fair-trade coffees. Cafedirect, which pioneered fair-trade coffee in the UK, is now Britain's sixth-largest coffee brand, and recently launched a sizeable share issue on the open market. However, in financial terms, fair trade remains a niche market, concentrated on an

Traditional Japan In Spirited Away

Traditional Japan In Spirited Away The protagonist of the film, Chihiro, has lived a pampered life in the city and is naive and unprepared for adulthood. Her parents are portrayed as greedy and irresponsible in the symbol of the credit card wielding father turning into an overindulgent hog. (Broderick, 2003) The spirit world that she unknowingly enters represents the Taisho period of Japanese history (around 1912 to 1926), a popular setting in Anime, but of particular personal significance to Miyazaki. (Yoshioka, 2008) Childhood memories have influenced his use of this time which does not simply create a feeling of nostalgia, but, as Yoshioka says, merges personal experience into a larger sense of past. (Yoshioka, 2008: p.257) The aspects of traditional Japan displayed in the film vary from the extravagant grandeur of the bathhouse to the simple, yet quaint wooden houses and shops in the spirit town. The bathhouse even includes sliding paper doors and massive ornate Satsuma-ware vases all representative of a prosperous location in Japan during the 1920s. It serves to act as an opposition to the modern character of Chihiro upon who the traditional aspects of Japanese society are lost. (Denison, 2007) Denison writes that the bathhouse holds valuable lessons for modern (Japanese) society, including, not allowing such a healthy eclectic heritage disappear in a culture obsessed with the furthering of technology as well as keeping the Japanese youth educated about their roots and heritage. Some of the major characters in the film also incorporate aspects of traditional Japanese folklore. Spirits have been featured as characters in many ancient Japanese folk tales, generally influenced by the two major religions Shinto and Buddhism. The ancient River Spirit which Chihiro helps to clean appears to have a face which resembles a Japanese Noh theatre mask. Another theatrical mask is also featured on the character of No-Face. The film also alludes to the practicing of religion in Japan and the ignorance of the youth towards it. In a scene at the beginning of the film Chihiro does not recognise some Shinto shrines and her mother explains their role yet it is evident that she does not consider them important saying some people think little spirits live there. (Spirited Away, 2001) It is evident from Miyazakis films as a whole that the spirituality is a common and often prominent theme, particularly, but not exclusively, among his films aimed at children. Certain themes recur in Miyazakis films. In Spirited Away many of these appear such as childhood, materialism and most notably environmentalism. The story of the spirit Haku links to the arguments mentioned so far about the portrayal of tradition. The disappearance of Hakus home the Kohaku River due to materialism has led to his forgetting of the past and even his name alluding to the real possibility of people in Japan being so focused on the future they forget elements of their past, in this case an ancient river paved over to build apartments. (Osmond, 2008) Other Miyazaki films have also included the relationship between the spirits or gods and humans, mainly about the difficulty of the two living in harmony. Princess Mononoke (1997), Ponyo (2008) and My Neighbour Totoro (1988) are examples of this with each also carrying the theme of environmentalism. All of the points mentioned so far have reinforced that the world featured within Spirited Away shows a traditional, typically Japanese culture which aims to critique modern Japanese society as well as educate the films young target audience about the importance of tradition. Thanks to Disneys worldwide distribution deal with Miyazakis production company Studio Ghibli, the market for anime has been expanded so hugely that theres a now global awareness of not only modern and pseudo-futuristic Japan but also heightened understanding of Japanese tradition; fans (are) engaged with the cultural origins of anime texts. (Cubbison, 2005: p.45) This market has been so developed that anime now seems to cater specifically for the international market within its films. The complex identities of Miyazakis characters, such as Haku or Yubaba in Spirited Away are, according to Denison, created to appeal to a Hollywood-saturated world market. These characters employ a number of traits not inherently Japanese. Also, some aspects of the architecture and artwork featured in the film are not typically Japanese but contain elements of Western styles. An example of this can be found in the small thatched cottage owned by Zeniba, the kind twin sister of the unpleasant witch Yubaba, the owner of the aforementioned bathhouse. The Anime film industry has varying takes on the issue of tradition, but Miyazaki has taken on the issue whole heartedly in his films. Miyazakis idea of the identity of the Japanese person, along with his concept of the loss of traditional culture in the technological Mecca of contemporary Japanese society, has proved significant in the visual appeal of his films as well as their artistic value. Not only does he reference parts of culture such as art, architecture and religion, but also references traditional theatre and behaviour (such as the removal of shoes before entering a house). Despite the fact that Miyazakis uses some hybridity with other cultures in his portrayal of tradition, the fundamental Japaneseness of Spirited Away is clear and irrefutable. 1030 words References Broderick, M. 2003. Spirited Away by Miyazakis Fantasy. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific [online] 9 August. Available from: http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue9/broderick_review.html [Accessed March 4 2010]. Cubbison, L. 2005. Anime Fans, DVDs, and the Authentic Text. The Velvet Light Trap. 56 Autumn, pp.45-57. Denison, R. 2007. The Global Markets For Anime: Miyazaki Hayaos Spirited Away. In: Phillips, A. Stringer, J. 2007. Japanese cinema: texts and contexts. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, pp.308-320. Napier, S. J. 2001. Why Anime? In: Napier, S. J. 2001. Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: experiencing contemporary Japanese animation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.3-14. Osmond, A. 2008. Being Spirited Away. In: Osmond, A. 2008. Spirited Away. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.7-15. Spirited Away. 2001. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki. London: Optimum [DVD]. Yoshioka, S. 2008. Heart of Japaneseness, History and Nostalgia in Hayao Miyazakis Spirited Away. In: MacWilliams, M. W. 2008. Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

The Benefits of Implementing Talking Circles in the Classroom Essay

I spent my volunteer experience with Dr. Geis’ special needs classroom at County Elementary School; and throughout my participation, the most defining observation was that of the teachers and staff members. Naturally, some employees are better than others at fulfilling tasks. However, as time passed, I noticed that certain employees had difficulty starting each day fresh, free of the pressure and tension that may have accumulated from the previous day. I only volunteered a couple of times a week so my ability to wipe the slate clean was easier. Nevertheless, I can understand how taxing and repetitive the process can be for the full length of a school year. According to the National Commission on Teaching about, â€Å"one-third of all new teachers leave after three years, and 46 percent are gone within five years† (Kopkowski). The relatively high attrition rate of teachers is known as teacher burnout. Teacher burnout can be attributed to both physical and emotional facto rs which may include, â€Å"classroom disruptions, inadequate salaries, oversized classes, overbearing parents, excessive paperwork, cutbacks in supplies or materials, threats, harassment, assaults, violence, or problems with co-workers or with administrators† (Campbell). The National Commission on Teaching estimates costs up to, â€Å"$7 billion a year, as districts and states recruit, hire, and try to retain new teachers† (Kopkowski). Teacher burnout is financially and socially affecting schools, communities, and society. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that may lead to teacher burnout, acknowledge the effects of the issue, and provide solutions to better manage the stress of teaching. In The Relationship Between Student Behaviour Patterns and Teacher Burnout... ...y. 2014. Clear, Todd R. Imprisoning Communities. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Clifford, Amos. Teaching Restorative Practices With Classroom Circles. 1st ed. 2013. Print. Glassman, Bernard, and Rick Fields. Instructions To The Cook. 1st ed. New York: Bell Tower, 1996. Print. Hastings, Richard P, and Mohammed S Bham. 'The Relationship Between Student Behaviour Patterns And Teacher Burnout'. School Psychology International 24.1 (2003): 115--127. Print. Kopkowski, Cynthia. 'Why They Leave'. NEA. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014. Mindgarden.com,. 'Maslach Burnout Inventory By Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson, Michael P. Leiter, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Richard L. Schwab - Mind Garden, Inc.'. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014. Pranis, Kay, Barry Stuart, and Mark Wedge. Peacemaking Circles. 1st ed. St. Paul, Minn.: Living Justice Press, 2003. Print.

Reaction Paper- Rizal Essay

â€Å"Does Rizal deserve to be our national hero?† This article written by Renato Constantino, is all about Rizal that does he really deserves to be a hero or not? The author compared Rizal to others national heroes in different countries, who is most decisively active in the fight for their freedom and leader of that revolution. Like in US, China, Vietnam and other countries mentioned from the article. But the author said Rizal is not our Revolution leader; in fact he repudiated that revolution. He’s just silent and being martyr for our country. Also he is an American-Sponsored Hero, Rizal chose as a model over other contestants- Aguinaldo too militant, Bonifacio too radical, Mabini unregenerate. We must view Rizal as an evolving personality within historical period. Additional, author’s purpose for this article is to remind us that our history is very important to us because it will serve to demonstrate how our presence has been distorted by a faulty knowledge of our past. For me, this article was still a question to the author of â€Å"Does Rizal deserves to be our National Hero?† There are several factors that Rizal deserves it and some are not. Because Rizal had certain qualities, he was able to serve the pressing social needs of the periods, needs that arose out of general and particular historical forces. As the author said, he is a hero in the sense that he was able to see problems generated by historical forces, discern the new social needs created by the historical development of new social relationships, and take an active part in meeting these needs. But he is not a hero in the sense of he could have stopped and altered the course of events. Although Rizal was already a revered figure and became more so after his martyrdom, it cannot be denied that his pre-eminence among heroes was partly the result of American sponsorship. Also, he was the first Filipino limited Filipino, the ilustrado Filipino, who fought for national unity but feared the Revolution and loved his mother country, yes, but in his own ilustrado way. Rizal never advocated independence, nor did he advocate armed resistance to the government. He urged from within by publicity, by public education, and appeal to the public conscience. What  if Rizal is not our National hero? Maybe Bonifacio can be our National hero because he fights for our country and he is too revolutionary. When the goals of the people are finally achieved, Rizal the first Filipino will be canceled by the true Filipino by whom he will be remembered as a great catalyst in the transformation of the decolonized indios. But still, there are so many reason that Rizal deserves to be our National Hero. So, I think the author balanced this view of article. The author explained the opinion of both. Honestly, I am not really interested about this article. There are so many questions in my mind says, â€Å"it happened, he’s our national hero, what are these articles complaining or explaining† â€Å"why do we need to study about this?† But it’s required to us to read this article and make a reaction paper to this, and then I realized that it is important to us (Filipino) to understand our history. We must understand why Rizal is our national hero. It is also a reflection of our intellectual timidity, our reluctance to expose new causes unless we can find authorize, however remote, in Rizal. The exposure of his weaknesses and limitations will also mean our liberation, for he has, to a certain extent become part of the superstructure that supports present consciousness. That is why a critical evaluation of Rizal cannot but lead to a revision of our understanding of history and the role of the individual in history. I conclude that Rizal deserves to be our National Hero. If I would ask the author, what if Rizal is not our National Hero, who it will be? Why?

Persuasive Speech Essay

I. Attention Step-Introduction A. California estimates $25 billion a year is spent on illegal aliens. California’s â€Å"budget shortfall† is about $25 billion. B. Illegal aliens create a negative financial drain on society and are responsible for increased crime in that state making the country unsafe because of the criminal acts and they are also taking millions of jobs from Americans. C. llegal immigration is an enormous problem for the United States, and one that is growing, with nine to eleven million illegal aliens currently estimated to be in the U.S. II. Need Step-Develop the problem According to heritage.org â€Å"Illegal immigration into the United States is massive in scale. More than 10 million undocumented aliens currently reside in the U.S., and that population is growing by 700,000 per year†. One of the largest problems that illegal immigration causes is the loss of job and it not just along the border. Another issue that illegal immigration caused is that they generally do not pay taxes and still take advantages and many benefits that the United States offers. II. Satisfaction Step-Provide a general solution. Incentives for illegal immigration must be eliminated. The penalties for violating immigration law must be increased. Existing programs that are particularly effective must be expanded. The loopholes that facilitate illegal immigration must be closed. A greater investment must be made in the personnel who combat illegal immigration. III. Visualization Step-Describe the advantages of adopting the solution The cost of educating children of undocumented immigrants is staggering. Even though they are receiving free education, Americans still have to 12 billing dollars per year. Imagine if this money was set aside to pay for education for Americans or documented immigrants. According to the Drug policy alliance, â€Å"The drug war is responsible for hundreds of billions of wasted  tax dollars and misallocated government spending. Organized crime, gangs and drug cartels have the most to gain financially from prohibition, and these profits can easily be funneled into arms smuggling, violence and corruption.† IV. Action Step-Tell us precisely what you want us to do. Continue to strengthen border security. Stop giving amnesty to undocumented immigrant Improve the ratio between deportation and illegal immigration. The penalties for violating immigration law must be increased V. Conclusion In conclusion, illegal immigrants are causing huge problems in the US. They are costing the taxpayers billions of dollars on a yearly basis. Making the country unsafe because of the criminal acts and they are also taking millions of jobs from Americans. Again, we can reduce this problem by implementing simple but effective solutions such as improving our border fences, not granting amnesty, and intensifying the penalties and deportation laws.

The Scarlet Letter †Symbol Analysis

The Scarlet Letter – Symbol Analysis Free Online Research Papers As the novel progresses, the scarlet letter changes from a symbol of sin and ignominy to a symbol of strength and benevolence, due to Hester’s actions in the community. When the scarlet letter first appears in chapter two, it is meant to be a symbol of Hester’s shame, and is supposed to make her feel abject. As Hester does charitable deeds throughout the book, it becomes a symbol of her compassion and sympathy. In the first scene, Hester was brought before a large throng of people to exhibit her shame and her child. On her chest, she wore the scarlet letter, the physical symbol of her sin. At this point, it served its intended purpose, which was to make Hester into an outcast, and to bring out the immorality of her actions. It also set an example for the rest of the community, showing them that they will also be scorned and punished if they commit adultery. Although Hester was supposed to feel remorse for her actions, she outwardly rebelled against her punishment by embroidering the letter beautifully with golden thread. This showed her fortitude and pride, even thought they were meant to be suppressed. In chapter seven, Hester visited the governor’s house to deliver the gloves that he had ordered and to plead her case for keeping Pearl. While she and Pearl were waiting for the governor, they examined the elaborate suit of armor in the main room of the house. Pearl observed that both the helmet and breastplate distorted the image of Hester, magnifying the scarlet letter to dominate her figure. This likeness is intended to symbolize how the rest of the community sees Hester: not for her as a person, but only for the letter and its significance. This shows how the letter has expanded from just representing her sin to representing Hester as a whole. Even though Hester was shunned by the community, she did a lot to give back to it. She donated food to and made clothing for those less fortunate than her. Hester was â€Å"so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted,† (page 127). By chapter thirteen, members of the community began to reject the original meaning of the scarlet A, adulteress, and instead interpreted the letter to stand for Abel, â€Å"so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength,† (page 127). This is because her outstanding community service led her to be considered an apotheosis of a model citizen, just as Abel was. This shows that Hesters actions were able to change the scarlet letters meaning as well as her status in the community. As they naturally do, rumors quickly spread about Hester and the scarlet letter. It was said that the letter had an effect similar to that of a cross around the neck of a nun: she could â€Å"walk securely amid all peril,† (page 127). This ability to walk among peril was implemented during her everyday life: just living in a Puritan community as a sinner was dangerous. An especially strange story arose that an arrow shot from the bow of a Native American struck the scarlet letter and fell harmlessly to the ground (page 127). In keeping with the basic trend of all rumors, they changed the way that many viewed Hester Prynne, even creating a mystical aura about her, which might lead people to believe that she was in league with the Black Man. This adds graver meanings to the scarlet letter: witchcraft and Satanism. â€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!† (page 202). This relates directly to Mr. Dimmesdale, because he held his sins in and did not tell the truth. Because of this, he was forced to suffer inwardly for seven long years, in which his sin ate him alive from the inside. This led him to finally expose his sin, which allowed him to die peacefully. Although applied to Mr. Dimmesdale, it also shows in Hester. This is because she did not actually confess anything to the community, but instead Pearl came forth to allow the community to infer what Hester had done. It stresses the importance of being true, because, had Hester told the truth in the first place, she would not have had to suffer the scarlet letter for so many years. Even though Hester grew on the community, she was still considered an outcast. For example, during the procession, there was still a vacant bubble around her in the crowd because no one wanted to get too close to her. This changed however, later on, when Hester returned to Boston. The scarlet letter â€Å"ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world’s scorn and bitterness, and became†¦ looked upon with awe, yet reverence, too,† (page 204). In the end, the scarlet letter transforms to symbolize Hester’s entire life. Inscribed on her gravestone were the words â€Å"On a field, Sable, the letter A, Gules,† (page 205). This inscription shows that all she will be remembered for is the scarlet letter not her charity, not her community service, but the letter. The letter itself takes the lengthy journey from a symbol of sin, to that of charity, to that of remembrance. The letter is a conflicting symbol, but as Nathaniel Hawthorne himself was conflicted, it is to be expected. Research Papers on The Scarlet Letter - Symbol AnalysisThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Global and International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global and International - Essay Example Magon focused on the manufacture of winemaking, which served as a platform for agricultural activities of the Roman. The Romans acclaimed Magon’s treatise and regarded it as valuable. Consequently, the Romans transferred the treatise to Rome upon the obliteration of Carthage. The Romans translated the dissertation into the Latin language. The Byzantines, Vandals and Romans, proceeded with the production of wine in Tunisia. On the other hand, the Arab leaders repressed the production of wine after Tunisia was conquered in the 8th Century AD. The large-scale production of wine in Tunisia returned in 1881 after the French invasion. The French anticipated the benefits derived from Tunisia’s soil and climate that is naturally suitable for the production of wine. The French numerous huge vineyards for the production of wine created to French standards. However, the dynamics of production in Tunisia changed in 1956 after attaining independence. The citizens of Tunisia fully controlled the production of wine. The situation is similar presently. Numerous varied vineyards and domains currently exist in Tunisia. Nevertheless, Tunisia is yet to attain the full potential of wine production. Subsequently, the country exports minimal wine to outside countries. The drawback in realization of full potential of wine is reprehensible. The wine that Tunisia produces matches international standards. Therefore, Tunisia can compete favorably with other countries whose terrains produce exceptional wine. Tunisia offers quality and tasty wine for oenophiles inside the nation at low cost. By 2008, the area in Tunisia covered with vineyards was 31,000 hectares. Of the total land covered by vineyards, 108,000 acres is dedicated to grapes that are utilized in wine making. The major varieties of grapes found in the vineyards of Tunisia are identical to grapes in southern France. The similarity occurs because of the indulgence of France in Tunisia’s

MPLS Protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MPLS Protocol - Research Paper Example The current version could hold around four billion connections and since in last few years the technological advancements have brought about more devices and connections all over, for this reason IPv6 was worked out in last few years. Internet Engineering Task Force (I.E.T.F) is the entity that defines new protocol standards and hence is responsible for ensuring the new version fulfils the demands by equipping the new version with all the essentials. While the previous version was brought into practical use, little or no consideration was given to the space, and security, and it was believed that around 4 billion address spaces would be sufficient for generations, however with time those addresses ran short, and security became a more serious issue with all types of malwares, and other insurgent forces that came to the world of internet communication.(Kahng et al 2004) The need for a larger network system was felt due to the depletion of I.P address spaces and since about 2 billion p eople across the globe use internet in form of tablets, p.d.a ,smart phones, internet is part of every cafe, airport, office, educational institute , for this purpose a network was needed that could accommodate large number of upcoming connections. IP v4 provided a 32 bit address space.IPv6 users are likely to have faster connectivity. It is gaining popularity with time and need is being felt in Asia and Europe for its implementation on full scale.(Mun,young Song et al, 2005) .Internet protocol version 6 is a network layer protocol of the O.S.I model; it is termed as the next generation internet protocol, which is a new version of I.P, successor to IPv4.The main aim has been to bring about improvement and advancements in the existing version. The overall design is an improved one. The large address space (128 bits) can accommodate many more number of networks, users and devices. The addresses are arranged in eight groups of four hexadecimal digits that are separated by colons. The a ddress types are either unicast which uniquely identifies an interface on IPV6 node, while a multicast is for identifying group of interfaces and Anycast is assigned to multiple interfaces on multiple hosts (Eastep et al 2009), further there are three classes of unicast interfaces that includes link local, site local and global.6 to 4 is another technical term associated with the entire concept which enables the packet transmission of IPv6 to a version 4 network. The 6 to 4 feature allows testing and experimenting the IPV6, even if the version is not provided by the Internet service provider. Global unicast network is dedicated for the 6to4 mechanism. Gateways creates interface between the two. Salient Features of IPV-6 Large address space Stateless auto configuration Quality of service capabilities Improved Security Streamlined Protocol header Mobility IPV6 is packed with large number of improvements which includes large addressing space, and hence accommodation of more users on th e network, this is followed by mobility, which enables tablets, and other handheld devices to be connected even when on the go. A salient feature of the new version is its increased security. IPSec a security protocol is made mandatory in this version while it was only optional in case of its predecessor. Hence it makes it more secure

Group Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Organizational Ethics - Essay Example In the interest of keeping a good customer happy and committed to us over the long haul, I determined that the correct business course of action would be to actually reduce the price for this customer, rather than try to increase it. This was also the ethically correct thing to do because we were ripping off this particular customer as evidenced by the fact that the other customers were paying far less. After some serious arm twisting, I was able to convince the company that there is greater potential long-term profit if we reduce this customer's price in order to shore up the business relationship. Fortunately, we were able to do this, and the customer now feels like they are treated fairly. I did not need to compromise my values or beliefs. Yes, I would have an obligation to stay connected, because I would be unlikely to suffer any harm. Under a deontological ethical approach, it is simply the right thing to do to sacrifice one's time in order to save the life of another person. If the facts were a little bit different, and there was some risk to my own life, or I would be putting the life of another person at risk due to my lack of availability, it would be a reason to reconsider.

Univerities Should Accept Equal Numbers of Male and Female Students Inevery Subject Essay Example for Free

Univerities Should Accept Equal Numbers of Male and Female Students Inevery Subject Essay It is true that nowadays male and female students have the same opportunities and challenges in our society. I completely agree with that. However, universities should not require the balance between male and female students. This essay will discuss about the reason why not in that problem. At present, most universities enroll students by testing their ability. It is very fair system, which allows young people have the same opportunities to enter the university because they have the same test and hardship. Therefore, if university bases on sex to enroll, it will not satisfy people who have real ability in the subject which they like and want to study. Also, in our society the rate between male and female students is not equal so it is difficult to have the equal numbers of male and female students in every subject in university. Furthermore, some subjects require different abilities. I would argue that training to become a soldier, for example, require strong and flexibility, which male students is better than female ones. In contrast, training to become a teacher in primary school require gentleness and patience, which female students dominate more than female ones. The different between male and female students is the reason, which makes the equal numbers of male and female student in every subject is not possible. Everyone has particular strength and weakness and they just do their best when they leverage their advantages. In conclusion, universities should continue to keep the way that they have done to enroll instead of accepting the balance between male and female students in every subject. It is better to division of labor be happening naturally.

RFID and Bar Coding Technologies

RFID and Bar Coding Technologies Introduction Barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data, which shows certain data on certain products. Originally, barcodes represented data in the widths (lines) and the spacing of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or 1D (1 dimensional) barcodes or symbologies. They also come in patterns of squares, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns within images termed 2D (2 dimensional) matrix codes or symbologies. Although 2D systems use symbols other than bars, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes can be read by optical scanners called barcode readers, or scanned from an image by special software. The first use of barcodes was to label railroad cars, but they were not commercially successful until they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task in which they have become almost universal. Their use has spread to many other roles as well, tasks that are generically referred to as Auto ID Data Capture (AIDC). Other systems are attempting to make inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems. It costs 0.5 ¢ (U.S.) to implement a barcode, while passive RFID still costs about 7 ¢ to 30 ¢ per tag. In hospitals bar codes are now used in a number of ways. In blood banks, as has been the case for a number of years now, they have the ability to track blood back to the initial donor. Because of whats happened in the past three or four years in discovering the risk of AIDS, thats very important. And for keeping track of patient numbers, the checking in or out of patients through the bar code on the little wristband that all hospital patients wear is much the same as the check-in/check-out process of buying products. This coding process has just started within the last year or so because its a more efficient way to make sure that when the patient gets two aspirins, he gets billed for those aspirins. In many hospitals about 30 to 40 percent of their total supplies never get charged out to patients because the paperwork involved in billing for two aspirins costs far more than the aspirins, so nobody worries about it. The problem with that is quite obvious. The federal government is getting a great deal tougher on hospitals to increase room rates to cover items like that. The bar code is very efficient at keeping track of supplies. Again, its an easy way to get information into a computer and then do something with it. Additionally, youve been in the department stores, such as Dillards, which now use security tags. And, if youve done what Ive done namely, pay for a sport coat but the clerk forgets to take off the tag, then walk out the door and the whole building comes down on you because that tag is still on there then you know what electronic bar codes are about. These security tags have little transformers in them, which are really another form of bar coding. The same is true if you are, for example, a bank tied in with a grocery store. We now have developed credit cards with bar codes on them such that when you go into the grocery store to cash a check, they dont have to look at your identification or make a telephone call or key your number into a little checker unit. They simply scan it, and instantly the checkout process becomes an information-gathering process, keeping track of what youre buying so that, at the end of that process, out comes not only a tape of your purchases but also some coupons toward purchases for the next time you come in. And the coupons that come out are a function of what you bought. Some ingenious things are now starting to happen along those lines, but its all a function of the same thing. We have the ability to do something with that gigantic bunch of information that heretofore was impossible to process. The bar code is simply a way to do that very efficiently. the last two years of being able to put information into a computer directly by simply talking into a microphone. That ability is probably number of years off, but it is coming. Something along those lines will happen as it becomes more important that you get the data quicker and faster. Information is the new currency of the world. I really believe that. I believe its the key to outsmarting the competition. If you think about it and think about your own concerns and your own businesses, I think youll agree with me. Bar codes provide the information vehicle that you need to make some decisions that involve merchandising and ultimately servicing your customer better. The nichemanship that bar codes help create permits a flexibility that will win out. And well beat the competition hands down. Bar codes are commonsense solutions for many problems involving the collection of information. Defeating the foreign competition will be a relatively simple proposition because of the flexibility we will have and the superior information we have about what our customers really want. 3. Literature Review A review of the literature reveals that very few empirical investigations have been undertaken to quantify the benefits of RFID and Bar coding technologies. The number of articles that discuss RFID technology and its adoption has risen from almost zero in the early 1990s to nearly nine thousand by 2005. Of those studies that have been conducted so far only one dimensional barcodes were studied (Vijayaraman Osyk, 2006). This does not appear to be an accurate representation of the technologies currently used in supply chains and firms. Have companies and researchers become so consumed with the hype that surrounds RFID that they have forgotten about the most widely used technology on this planet bar coding, with five billion barcodes scanned each day across the world and already implemented across diverse businesses and product ranges (Wyld, 2006). Barcodes are part of every product that we buy and has become theâ€Å"ubiquitous standard for identifying and tracking products† (Wyld, 2006, p. 157) Traditional bar coding is coupled with the Universal Product Code (UPC) and every day accounts for billions of scans all over the world. According to a survey conducted by Zebra Technologies in 2006, over 96% of European companies cited improved efficiency as the main benefit of using bar coding. Other reasons that European companies gave for using barcodes were: increasing the accuracy of ordering and invoicing (32%), cost reduction (26%), and the fact that newer technology isnt ready yet (16%) (â€Å"Accuracy tops UK†, 2006). Within the Auto-ID family, a new two-dimensional system of bar coding has evolved which allows barcodes to hold more data than the traditional method. Product data is encoded in both horizontal and vertical dimensions and, as more data is encoded, the size of the barcode can be increased in both the horizontal and vertical directions thus maintaining a manageable shape for easy scanning and product packaging specifications (â€Å"2D Barcodes Explained†, 2007; Shaked, Levy, Baharavl, Yen, 2001). Two-dimensional barcodes are already being used for concert tickets by sending a barcode to a mobile phone and then scanning the message at the door by a laser gun. In Japan, mobile phones are being adapted to scan two-dimensional barcodes placed in magazines adverts. The barcode is scanned and connects the mobile to the internet and shows the user the film clip or plays the ring tones. Further developments in the lasers used to scan barcodes help improve the efficiency and speed in which barcodes can be scanned (Dearne, 2006; Ishii, 2004; Suzuki, 2006). Example, they are adversely affected if they are brought into contact with metal and liquids. The signal frequency that RFID uses is also subject to interference as they are commonly used by other technologies, and RFID standards as yet have not assigned a lone frequency for RFID transmissions (Clarke et al, 2005; Forcino, 2004; Ranky, 2006) Barcodes, though, can be printed on durable materials and are not affected by substrate materials or electromagnetic emissions, all of which lend them a competitive edge in some industries and environments. Improvements in how barcodes are printed are evolving all the time as manufacturers strengthen the barcode system. Two-dimensional barcodes can be read even when damaged, so this further shortens the gap between the two technologies (â€Å"Barcode scanners†, 2007; Dover, 1995). Developments in the range at which barcodes can be scanned similarly reduce the apparent performance gap between RFID and bar coding (â€Å"Wide ranging barcode scanner,† 2007). It is questionable why there has been no significant research around these developments that can purportedly improve the quality and performance of existing systems. 4.Methodology This report is depending on the secondary data include both raw data and published summaries. Most organizations collect and store a variety of data to support their operations consumer research organizations collect data are subsequently by different clients. A growing variety haves been deposited in and are available from data archives. In addition, the vast majority of companies and professional organizations have their own Internet sites from which data may be obtained. 4.1Questionnaires: Questionnaire can be conducted in different form: telephone, Internet or postal. The data from each of these techniques needs to be reliable and valid. Bell (1997), suggests there are seven questions types, verbal or open, list, ranking, scale, category, quantity and grid. Questionnaires can be use to gather information from respondents on for example there: Beliefs Demographic characteristic Knowledge Attitudes. The questions fall into two main categories, demographic and content questions, the demographic seek information about the respondents such as age, occupancy, and so on. The content questions are dealing with the subject being surveyed, and ask about the respondents opinions, attitudes, perceptions and behaviors. 4.2 Interviews Interviews are time consuming it is a highly subjective technique and therefore there is always the damage of bias. Analyzing responses can present problems, and wording the questions is almost as demarking for interviews as it is for questionnaires. Interviews can be divided into many sub areas, and how they are conducted will classify then either as quantitative or qualitative. Structured interviews, use questionnaire but the interview meet respondents and ask the questions face to face. The interviewer must not deviate from the schedule of questions., semi-structured interviews, the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covered. Each form has its own advantages and disadvantages. The needed data and each form has its nature shall highly influence which form shall be used and there will be always a reference to the form used to gather given data. 4.3 Field Survey The research methodologies comply of both quantitative and qualitative modes of dates collection and include: background, literature review, questionnaire. In addition research on the literature review of books, Journals and web pages around subject areas. The research shall not follow either positivism nor phenomenological shall it be a hybrid of both- pluralism. Also the writer research methods are deductive where the writer shall be formulating certain hypothesis and then shall test those hypotheses through data collected. 5.Barcode applications in practical life Uses barcode technology has no limits; it is medicine for trade and education for tourism. For example, bar code scanning can be used on some merchandise to give the buyer more information about the product. This is what started applying a global fast food, and had ensured that with each fund and a small meal that contains health information on the meal. In the field of medicine can provide some medical drugs contain a link to the property and its medical. Barcode can also be used in tourism by providing tourist guidebooks containing the bar code symbol for the particular tourism can benefit from it to access the required information or to find out more about the region. It also began the spread of bar code scanning as an alternative to postage stamps and seals. Even in foreign restaurants do put the code bar code menu to be translated from one language to another. Finally barcode applications in education, many of them to provide the student with the code bar code after the end of the lecture scans the code, and routing mobile phone site article on the network to work after the exam to download calendar of what has been explained, or ask a question is confused by his understanding. The technological developments in mobile barcode technology have made it available to all. Enough to have a supported mobile phone camera and supports the third generation to be able to take advantage and experience of the barcode technology. Known as a barcode label product globally and locally in the form of the device can designed to be read being picked up and sent to a file of information within the computer and to obtain information for a particular product with the utmost precision, speed, and a code number of data products, which facilitates the operations as follows: It contacts the abolition of manual data and easy access to data with speed and accuracy in identifying the products and Electronic control of production lines and handling of raw materials. Moreover, control the movement of electronically stores with ease and speed of trading through the distribution channels and thus reduce costs and satisfy customers. Also it is easy handling and circulation of goods at point of sale and easy follow-up product at any point during the stages of manufacturing, storage, supply, distribution and sale and the final follow-up services. It is communication through the exchange of information electronically criteria. Furth more, it is collecting and presenting information in a fast, accurate and reliable in strategic planning for the production of marketing. Also it reduces the size of inventory and reduce losses resulting from the expiration of products and increase the value added of the product and raise its competitiveness in both domestic or world ma rkets through find a way to exchange data globally agreed. In additional it is coding of products in accordance with the Code is the image of a civilized world and keep abreast of globalization and trade developments international and WTO requirements. Also the numbering of the product in the form of bar code and a simple, inexpensive process to facilitate data retrieval automatically and raising the efficiency of customer service to expedite the sale and payment. In point-of-sale management, the use of barcodes can provide very detailed up-to-date information on key aspects of the business, enabling decisions to be made much more quickly and with more confidence. For example: Fast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically reordered to meet consumer demand, and Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing a build-up of unwanted stock, The effects of repositioning a given product within a store can be monitored, allowing fast-moving more profitable items to occupy the best space and historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately. Items may be re-priced on the shelf to reflect both sale prices and price increases. This technology also enables the profiling of individual consumers, typically through a voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this practice is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy advocates. Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in shipping/receiving/tracking. When a manufacturer packs a box with any given item, a Unique Identifying Number (UID) can be assigned to the box. A relational database can be created to relate the UID to relevant information about the box; such as order number, items packed, qty packed, final destination, etc. The information can be transmitted through a communication system such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) so the retailer has the information about a shipment before it arrives. Shipments that are sent to a Distribution Center (DC) are tracked before being forwarded to the final destination. When the shipment gets to the final destination, the UID gets scanned, so the store knows where the order came from, whats inside the box, and how much to pay the manufacturer. The reason barcodes are business-friendly is that the scanners are relatively low cost and extremely accurate compared to key-entry, with only about 1 substitution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered. The exact error rate depends on the type of barcode. 6. References: Tony Seideman, Barcodes Sweep the World, barcoding.com Wonders of Modern Technology George Laurer, Development of the U.P.C. Symbol, bellsouthpwp.net Nelson, Benjamin (1997). From Punched Cards To Bar Codes. Varchaver, Nicholas (2004-05-31). Scanning the Globe. Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/05/31/370719/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-27. Selmeier, Bill (2008). Spreading the Barcode. pp. 26, 214, 236, 238, 244, 245, 236, 238, 244, 245. ISBN 978-0-578-02417-2. Bishop, Tricia (July 5 2004). UPC bar code has been in use 30 years. SFgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/07/05/BUG6Q7G4AJ1.DTLtype=business. Retrieved 22 December 2009.

Jane Addams and the Progressive Movement Essay -- Jane Addams Feminism

Jane Addams and the Progressive Movement Works Cited Not Included Jane Addams is recognized as a social and political pioneer for women in America. In her biography, which later revealed her experiences in Hull House, she demonstrates her altruistic personality, which nurtured the poor and pushed for social reforms. Although many of Addams ideas were considered radical for her time, she provided women with a socially acceptable way to participate in both political and social change. She defied the prototypical middle class women by integrating the line that separated private and political life. Within these walls of the settlement house, Addams redefined the idea of ?separate spheres,? and with relentless determination, she separated herself from the domestic chores that woman were confined to during the later half of the nineteenth century which led to the twentieth one. During the late nineteenth century, the notion of ?separate spheres? dictated that the women?s world was limited to the home, taking care of domestic concerns. Women were considered to be in the private sphere of society. Men on the other hand were assigned the role of the public sphere, consisting in the participation of politics, law and economics. Women in the meantime were to preserve religious and moral ideals within the home, placing children on the proper path while applying valuable influence on men. The idea was that the typical middle class woman would teach children middle class values so that they too will enjoy the luxuries and benefits in the future that the middle class has to offer (Lecture, 10/17). One can argue that Jane Addams did comply with the ideal middle class women, that she remained in ?her sphere? of society. This can mos... ...the stereotypical idea of the man as the provider and leader of the typical home, women were free to run their lives as they felt, and not as society entailed them to do. It provided women experience in life that reached over to the public realm. The ?separate spheres? did not exist in Addams world; her progressive stance enabled many workers to benefit. Addams envisioned a world that did not discriminate based on one?s gender, and her commitment into the ?public realm? had tremendous impact. Child labor ceased, women won the eight-hour workday, and everyone enjoyed more benefits and improved working conditions. Jane Addams established the path for future women to take as well, which led to women?s suffrage, and eventually equal pay and mutual respect. She was not your typical middle class woman; she was a reformer that changed the way America functioned forever.